John Locke Two Treatises Of Government Philosophy Essay

John Locke Two Treatises Of Government Philosophy Essay The simple will try to evaluate the cogency of the legitimizations for state power set forward by John Locke in his Two Treatises of Government. For the most part the subsequent Treaty underscores on the between connection of property and arrangement of Government. Locke has given a blended origination of property all through his the two arrangements. In his implicit understanding hypothesis Locke made property rights key to the arrangement and advancement of common society and vote based administration. Lockes contention depended on the normal law and where common law missed the mark he depended on the Christianity. Locke accepted that laws must be genuine in the event that they are to advance the benefit of all and that individuals will as a gathering make the best decision. As per Locke the explanation behind individuals to go under the administrative control was essentially to secure their property. John Locke in his Two Treatises of Government has not given any away from of property and rather given a two sided connotation which alludes to a financial right and a nature of being. Teacher Reno, B Jeffreyâ [2]â pointed out that Locke offers two uncovering articulations with respect to the idea of property. In the First Treatise, he notes, Adams property in the animals was established upon the correct he needed to utilize those things that were essential or valuable to his beingâ [3]â . In the Second Treatise, Locke says that property is to be utilized to the best bit of leeway of life and convenienceâ [4]â . It is huge that in the principal articulation Locke draws a differentiation between property as vital or valuable while in the subsequent he makes a relationship between property existing forever and accommodation. Life and accommodation are not rival objectives with the end goal that one decides to propel either. Or maybe, resounding the experimental translation of the Law of Nature, one looks for protection consistently and comfort when it is accessible. It is, in any case, conceivable to separate between products that serve the upside of life itselfnecessitiesand merchandise that serve the benefit of conveniencethe helpful. The requirement for property to fit such expansive attributes assists with comprehending Lockes unusual method of clarifying its birthplace and reason. Locke in his Second Treatises contends that property rights are advocated on the grounds that people reserve a privilege to their protection and along these lines reserve an option to meat and drink and such things that Nature bears for their subsistence. [5] Locke further affirms in Section 27 that everyman has a property in his own person[and that]the work of his body and crafted by his hands are appropriately his. As indicated by Locke, when an individual expels something from the condition of nature, he has blended his work in with it, and joined to it something that is his own, and in this manner makes it his property. Since work is the obvious property of the worker, Locke accepts that no man yet he can reserve a privilege to what [his labour] is once joined to. Dwindle Laslettâ [6]â noted that this popular entry, which nearly repudiates Lockes first rule that men have a place with God, not themselves, along with the general case that tis Labor in fact that put the distin ction of significant worth on everythingâ [7]â are maybe the most compelling proclamations he at any point made. In this area we locate another component work to his property hypothesis. What follows from this segment is that a people work and its item are indivisible, and thus responsibility for can be made sure about just by possessing the other. Henceforth, if an individual is to claim his body and subsequently its work, he should likewise possess what he gets his work together with specifically, the result of his work. Herman T Tavaniâ [8]â explains that Locke After giving a contention to what is required in the only assignment of the different sorts of articles that dwell in the center, for example, oak seeds and apples, Locke continues to clarify how one can fairly fitting segments of the house itself. He states: As much land as a man works, plants, improves, develops, and can utilize the result of, so much is his property. He by his work does, so to speak, wall it in from the commonâ [9]â . Obviously, Locke doesn't accept that ones option to fitting items or to encase an area of the normal is total i.e., without capabilities. For instance, he forces certain conditions and requirements as a feature of his support for appointment. One such limitation is some of the time portrayed as the no-squander condition. As per Locke, one may take from the hall just as much as possible utilize to the upside of life before it spoilsâ [10]â . John Willinksyâ [11]â notes that Locke assembled his contention for the benefit of extensive contrasts in the property possessions among individuals in two different ways: first, by giving due weight to the profitable estimation of work, and afterward by taking into account the authority of greater part agree to set up elective monetary courses of action. However it is essential to take note of that in what follows, Locke keeps the aggregate standard of a world held in like manner in offset with thoughts of private property. It was clear from the Lockes implicit agreement that the thought of work is key to his property hypothesis. Be that as it may, in Chapter V of Second Treatise represent that few conditions should be considered in advocating property rights. [12] Locke had demanded that at whatever point something is appropriated from the lodge, enough and as great ought to be left for other people who likewise wish to suitable. In this way, Locke never expected that the negligible blending of ones work with something establishes an adequate condition for a people option to guarantee responsibility for thing.â [13]â Subside Laslettâ [14]â has called attention to that Lockes record of the birthplace of property can't be planned to cover all importance of the word. For it isn't characterized as material belongings, nor in units of the comforts or necessities of life however significantly more for the most part as Lives, Liberties and Estates, which I call by the general name, Property [15] Laslett further contends that for property to Locke appears to represent rights in their solid structure, or maybe rather to give unmistakable subject of a people powers and attitudes.â [16]â Lockes First Treatises establishes framework on the idea of property in Section 86 as the correct Adams needed to utilize those things that were fundamental or helpful to his being. In the Second Treatises in Section 26 Locke utilized the thought to the best favorable position of life and accommodation. Teacher Renoâ [17]â noted that in the primary articulation Locke draws a qualification between property as vital or helpful though in the subsequent he makes a relationship between property existing forever and accommodation. Life and comfort are not rival objectives with the end goal that one decides to propel either. Or maybe, reverberating the experimental translation of the Law of Nature, one looks for conservation consistently and comfort when it is accessible. It is, in any case, conceivable to separate between products that serve the upside of life itself-necessities-and merchandise that serve the benefit of conveniencethe helpful. What follows from the plain perusing of Section 86 of Second Treatises is that property, both in the limited and in the all-inclusive sense, is deficiently secured and insufficiently managed in the condition of nature and this is the basic burden which prompts men to go into Society to make one People, one Body Politick under one Supreme Government.. by setting up a Judge on Earth with Authority to decide all Controversies.â [18]â Lockes hypothesis of joining Men under one Society depended on assent as it was in the event of procurement of property. Evaluates like Ashcraft, Dunn and numerous others contended that in reality the explanation depended on inventiveness and power instead of assent. Locke accepts that it is assent alone that makes common society and such society requires political rights and obligations. [19] The political force that Locke alludes to is the ability to make law for that society however it should all be to benefit society.â [20]â It tends to be contended that administrations were initially founded forcibly with no understanding, anyway Locke expressly says that he should give an option in contrast to the view that all legislatures on the planet is the result of power and savagery. He concedes that a few governments are established forcibly and brutality however in the event that that were the main type of government he would deny the qualification among authentic and ill-conceived governments. As indicated by Locke an authentic government is established by the assent of the individuals being governed.â [21]â Grantâ [22]â says that the foundation of government is a two-advance methodology. Widespread agree is important to shape a political network and agree to join a network once given is official and can't be pulled back. She proceeds to ask who rules and the appropriate response is controlled by lion's share rule. General agree is required to build up the political network and lion's share agree to the appropriate response who is to decide that community.â [23]â Radcliffeâ [24]â says that David Hume refined Lockes induction by dismissing every single heavenly ground for philosophical standards. He put aside Lockes thought of philosophical reason for his perspectives and depended entirely on proof that sense experience gives. He approached whether history gives any premise to imagining that political force accomplishes authenticity through a social contract. [25] Hume inferred that history doesn't give any premise to feeling that political force emerged through the implicit agreement. Radcliffe further shows that Hume revealed another shortcoming in Lockes social hypothesis. The hypothesis bases the ethical commitment to comply with common government on the shared agree and guarantee to be represented. Anyway the agreement doesn't offer any reason for the ethical commitment to keep such promise.â [26]â The political commitment of dutifulness is on the sa

A Thousand Splendid Suns Analysis Essay Example

A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis Essay â€Å" Nana stated, ‘Learn this now and learn it well, my girl: Like a compass needle that focuses north, a man’s charging finger consistently finds a lady. You recollect that Mariam† (Hosseini 7). In this entry from A Thousand Splendid Suns, Mariam’s mother discloses to her what her dad is truly similar to. Through the asking of this novel, Mariam sees her dad, Jalil, as the better parent and perspectives her mom as the more exacting one. Nana isn’t attached to Jalil on the grounds that after he had got her pregnant, he denied that he had a go at laying down with Nana, â€Å"That [she] constrained [herself] on him† (Hosseini 6). Mariam doesn’t accept this story. She feels that the main explanation her dad hadn’t kept her and her mom in his home was a direct result of his different spouses. Nana attempts to disclose to Mariam reality yet Mariam overlooks what her mom advises her. In later sections Mariam can understand that her mom had been coming clean. At the point when she realizes this, this is on the grounds that her mom has kicked the bucket and she can see that her dad needs nothing to do with her. The creator, Khaled Hosseini, utilizes this to hint Mariam’s spouse, Rasheed, reprimands her for not having a child and for not being a decent wife. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Rasheed, yet other men in this novel too censure the ladies for their issues. Jalil accused Nana for the introduction of Mariam despite the fact that it was his flaw for having the illicit relationship. Rasheed doesn’t consistently fault Mariam for everything, on occasion he accuses his other spouse as well, Laila, for bringing forth a little girl and not a child. This section outlines what Nana needed to realize and what Mariam needed to suffer when growing up with a man around. All through, ladies are the casualties of their spouses issues and in this book it unmistakably shows how ladies are blamed, in any event, while doing no mischief to anybody. Around evening time, Laila lay in bed and viewed the abrupt white flashes reflected in her window. She tuned in to the shaking of nuclear gunfire and checked the rockets whimpering overhead as the house shook and drops of mortar descended upon her from the roof. A few evenings when the light of rocket fire was so splendid an indi vidual could peruse a book by it, rest never came. Furthermore, in the event that it did, Laila’s dreams were loaded down with fire and segregated appendages and the groaning of the wounded† (Hosseini 157). This section, Laila portrays her environmental factors in her youth years. During this timeframe in the novel, there is war that proceeds all through the book. This war impacts Laila in light of the fact that each time she hear a rocket impact, she feels that her companion Tariq, has been killed by one of them. All through, Laila is constantly worried on the impact the war has on her friends and family. As a result of this war Laila winds up loosing her friends and family. Her mom, father, her two siblings and closest amazing of the war in Afghanistan and Pakistan and she nearly looses Tariq when he moves away and gets harmed by a rocket. The war helps Laila see what a disaster it is to free individuals as such. In the entry, Khaled Hosseini utilizes an overstatement to exhibit how significant this war is in Afghanistan and the impacts it has on the individuals living in this nation. At the point when it is expressed that â€Å"†¦light of rocket fire was so splendid an individual could peruse a book by it†¦,† it doesn’t truly imply that it was that brilliant you could peruse, it just shows that it caused a scene where it could interfere with a typical daily schedule. And furthermore when it specifies her fantasies, they appear to be slightly overstated in light of the fact that yes this condition could cause certain bad dreams, however she hasn’t really saw the killings of this war and the effects of the genuine injured individuals. They would live in a little house on the edge of some town they’d never knew about, Maraim stated, or in a remote town where the street was limited and unpaved however fixed with all way of plants and bushes. Possibly there w ould be a way to take, a way that prompted a grass field where the youngsters could play, or perhaps a graveled street that would take them to a reasonable blue lake where trout swam and reeds jabbed through the surface. They would raise sheep and chickens, and they would make bread together and show the youngsters to peruse. They would make new lives for themselves-quiet, single lives-and there the heaviness of all that they’d suffered would lift from them, and they would be meriting all the bliss and straightforward success they would find† (Hosseini 315). In this citation ,Laila And Mariam are envisioning their ideal life in the event that they leave the existence they live in. Mariam and Laila are sick of living with their better half, Rasheed, who mishandles the and they need to begin new lives. Already, they tried to leave him yet they wound up getting captured which caused more maltreatment for them. Laila thinks this will experience, yet Mariam knows the terrible truth that this dream isn’t reality and she comprehends what will truly happen to both of them and their family. At long last this thought is rarely cultivated, much like most dreams. Laila winds up moving with her affection Tariq and her two children, Zalmai and Aziza, to Pakistan. While Mariam chooses to turn herself for the homicide of Rasheed and she is executed toward the end for what she did. In the novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, Hosseini utilizes theme of having a fantasy of the ideal life that is never reached. Much the same as in the novel, Of Mice and Men, the characters, Lennie and George, had a dream of having an actual existence they have consistently needed however at long last a disaster makes this fantasy be pulverized when Lennie gets executed, yet in this circumstance it is Mariam who is slaughtered. A great deal of books have this topic where the thought is to end with the perfect life yet then it gets totally convoluted and for the most part the specific inverse of that occurs. In Mariam and Laila’s circumstance, Laila doesn’t get this precise life however she does live cheerfully toward the end with her family despite the fact that they do battle now and again yet for Mariam, she didn’t get the satisfaction she needed yet she had the option to get something similarly as great, a companion that would get her. The Review I for one truly delighted in this book. I felt that I had the option to interface with the characters Mariam and Laila truly well. On occasion the book would have depressed spots in it yet sure enough it would pick directly back up. The parts about war weren’t to fascinating for me, the manner in which the creator clarified it could have been made all the more intriguing. The book by and large was truly elegantly composed. Had extraordinary portrayal to occasions in it. Shockingly, it had made me destroy at parts, for example, when Laila thought Tariq had kicked the bucket and when Mariam had abandoned Jalil as her dad. The epic had some fascinating characters. Rasheed and Jalil were two characters that I truly wasn’t attached to yet towards the end, I had felt some compassion toward Jalil when I discovered that he lament letting Laila go and how he wound up passing on. Rasheed, be that as it may, was a character which I felt no compassion towards yet a greater amount of scorn feeling. Mariam was a character I was extremely ready to identify with in light of the fact that I saw how she felt in the asking, where she trusted her dad was a legit, adoring dad and her mom was a severe individual. At the point when originally acquainted with Laila, she wasn’t a fascinating character, however once I studied her I had the option to feel her feelings in the book. It got befuddling when it went from Mariam to Laila yet once getting use to of it, it was entirely easy to understand. I enjoyed how this was written in third individual yet was still engaging. This epic had the option to show what ladies need to suffer throughout everyday life, ladies in Afghanistan, however everybody. I imagine that the creator shouldn’t have composed Mariam’s demise the manner in which he did in light of the fact that it didn’t appear the correct route for her to kick the bucket in the wake of charming all that she had. In general a quite decent book and I would prescribe it to anybody that’s intrigued on how individuals lives are the center east.

How to Use Rice Supplement Essay Samples

How to Use Rice Supplement Essay SamplesRice supplement essay samples are a great resource to use in order to learn how to write a great essay. It is a very difficult task, and a lot of students will resort to taking help from a study guide in order to help them complete it. This method can often be timesaver, but there are some instances where the study guide can be a better choice.The essay help that comes with a study guide is generally more concise and will include a better strategy for how to complete your essay. It is also easier to follow and understand. This is why the practice essay samples that come with a study guide are so helpful.One of the great things about the practice essay sample that comes with a study guide is that you will get to see your work on paper. This will give you an idea of what sort of format you should use in order to properly construct your essay. It is also something that you will be able to view repeatedly until you find the format that you like.Ric e supplement essay samples are also very helpful because they will allow you to complete your research. You should learn to do this step before you start writing in order to avoid getting a poor grade. It is especially important to do this step before you begin writing because doing this research will allow you to fully understand all of the information that you need to include in your essay.One of the biggest problems that people face when writing an essay is the fact that they often forget a lot of the information that they have learned. By having the right kind of essay help that comes with a study guide, you will be able to properly complete your research. It is important to remember that you do not want to just make up facts that you think will help you with your essay.When it comes to completing your research, it is important to follow directions carefully. You should make sure that you use reliable sources, as well as pay attention to any trends that have developed over time. Using the proper sources will allow you to get the most out of your research and provide the greatest value to your essay.There are a few essays that may require you to use specific resources, and there are others that will not. Therefore, it is a good idea to always make sure that you pay attention to the sources that you will be using in order to finish your essay. This is a very important point to remember.It is always best to practice first in order to ensure that you are able to complete a great essay. This can be done by utilizing the practice essay samples that come with a study guide. A study guide will provide you with a good example that you can use to practice writing a comprehensive essay.

Death of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy Essay - 1184 Words

Death of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy The question which arises within Death of a Salesman is, Is this a modern Tragedy? A tragic play can be commonly observed when a protagonist falls from a great height. His decline is not about immediate death, although in most cases death becomes apparent at the end of the play, e.g. Macbeth. A tragedy shows the suffering of a character and utter compulsion of him if he does not succeed to reach his dream. These plays show the blissful release from intolerable suffering this character feels. In most tragedies the immediate audience is unable to relate directly to this torture the character is going through. They will still have emotions towards the play but usually, e.g.†¦show more content†¦To add to the effect of the past and show how important and prominent it is, the past is staged downstage. Willy exaggerates his commission to Linda to pretend that his dream is coming true. The Lomans cannot except that they arent well-liked. And that they need to work to make a future. Bernard reminds Biff that if the dream is to be fulfilled it needs a foundation in hard work. Willy ridicules this Tragic heroes have a fatal flaw. Willys is betrayal. He has an affair with a woman and buys her stockings, while Linda has to sew her old ones. But his main flaw is the inability to accept his failure and expectancy to live up his American Dream. Charley offers him a job but Willy is a man of principal and declines this offer. Not only does he do this but also looks insulted by people wanting to help him when surely he is more than capable himself? Willys biggest mistake was not taking the opportunity to go to Alaska with Ben. Ben is the only person he will admit his defeat to. If Id gone to Alaska that time everything would be different. At the time of this play America was a free Enterprise Economy, conceived as a land of opportunity. The play shows the consequences of the common man, Willy. He was a victim of the capitalist system. The play says to be successful you have to do your own thing, and it takes a sympatheticShow MoreRelatedA Survey of Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesA Survey of Tragedy A modern tragedy of today and a tragedy of ancient Greece are two very different concepts, but ironically, both are linked by many similarities. In â€Å"Poetics†, Aristotle defines and outlines tragedy for theatre in a way that displays his genius, but raises questions and creates controversy. Aristotle’s famous definition of tragedy states: â€Å"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious, and also as having magnitude, complete in itself in language with pleasurable accessoriesRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† – A Tragedy?1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bible or leave it up to himself? In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, but is it correct to define this theatric drama as a tragedy. 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How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay

DBQ: How did the Constitution guard against tyranny? Americans desperately fight against the poison of tyranny with their best weapon, the Constitution. During the Colonial Period, King George III, demanded many things from the colonists. These demands were caused by the aftermath of the French and Indian War. England had increasing debts, so the king raised the taxes of both America and England. The increase of taxes caused anger to rise from the Americans, which allowed a roll of events to unfold. After many harsh exchanges between the colonists and King George III, America declared its independence on July 4, 1776. Soon after the declaration, things began to heat up as fight over representation in government began to be more debated.†¦show more content†¦This is the same with America’s enumerated powers and reserved powers; enumerated powers meaning the central government, and the reserved powers meaning the states’ government. These two governments residing within America control each other from getting out o f hand; in this way federalism protects us from tyranny. The three branches of government also known as the legislative, judicial, and executive, helped guard against tyranny, by separation of powers. The main idea of a quote by James Madison states that, all three branches of government lean on each other, yet have separate but equal powers. (Document B) Separation of powers, created by the three branches of government, helped guard against tyranny, by allowing the three divisions to lean on each other, so that if one group did something that went out of hand, they could do something about it. In James Madison’s Federalist Paper #47, he states that, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may be justly pronounced the very definition of tyranny†¦ (L)iberty requires that the three great departments of power should be separate and di stinct.† The beginning of the quote defines the outcome of what would happen if one person or group were to accumulate all the powers of the legislative, executive, and judiciary. The ending of the quote states that if liberty is wanted, the threeShow MoreRelatedHow Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny?1299 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken system in place, why was it important that a group of wealthy, white men from the thirteen original states, except for Rhode Island, frame a government that would be strong enough to serve the new nation, but not create any form of tyranny? 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Informative Speech Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay

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Positive Women in Hip Hop Feminism in a Patriarchal Society free essay sample

Burns-Ordinal Research Methods April 22, 2007 Positive Women in Hip Hop: Feminism in a Patriarchal Society l. Summary Despite the negative Images that we are over exposed to, can society identify positive women In hip hop? As hip hop promises to become mall stream, it Is gradually morphing Into a component that will eventually be accepted as popular culture. However, the degradation of women continues to be a staple of the hip hop culture. In rap music women are commonly referred to as bitched, hoes, and gold diggers.In the videos that serve as visual aids to these songs, women are usually portrayed in a negative light. Usually these women are dressed in short, tight, skimpy clothing, and perform In sexually charged manner. The behavior of these women often reflect the artists lyrics but too often their behavior serves no other purpose, button please a male dominated culture. A culture that is rich in misogyny and sexism. A culture that typically views women as sexual objects or in this case props. These negative representations encourage a society that is geared toward the destruction of women rather than the uplifting of women. It is critical for women in hip hop to counter these practices, deeply rooted in history. A feminist movement in hip hop Is already underway Including: Actors, authors, artist, dancers, designers, models, producers, rappers, scholars, singers and many more who are challenging tradition. My research will provide insight from a contemporary perspective. It will include examples of women in hip hop that wear short, tight, skimpy clothing, and who also behave sexually. Contrary to the beliefs these women have proved to be positive through their contributions to the hip hop culture.This information will illustrate that the feminist movement in hip hop will potentially revolutionize hip hop through acceptance of patriarchy as the dominant culture; and by accepting this truth women In hip hop can begin to redefine what positive Is. Although these women may conform to the norms of society by being the typical sexual objects, they have used their sex as a means to move up in an industry domin ated by men. My research will provide flexible information to media studies scholars that will influence them to do more research towards positive women in hip hop.It will also issues whether or not society Is ready to make a change. II. Literature Review HIP hop, a cultural movement that developed In urban communities during the sasss, has become main stream in the 2007 American popular culture. In 2001, over 89 million hip hop CDC were sold. Suburban white youth are now purchasing approximately 60 percent of rap CDC (Cole, Spectral 184). Thus, hip hops influence in America is significant. Too often people associate hip hop with: rap stars, expensive cars, and over sexed women. Women and Sexism Women In hip hop have often been the target of sexism (Neal 247).Strong, positive tit images of half naked women gyrating on the latest rap music videos. Women are merely sexual objects. Women of the hip hop culture are usually submissive to men and existing only to satisfy mens needs. In rap music women have always played an essential role. Although rap is usually viewed as an urban male culture it wouldnt be what it is without the influence of women. Women in hip hop are usually assigned specific roles: the chicken-head groupie, over socialized rhyme- spitted, baggy clothed dissocialized mimic-fiend (247). Rarely do we see strong, positive images of women in hip hop, but they do exist. Due to the patriarchal privilege in our society its difficult for the positive women to be recognized. Some women are up to the challenge of trying to redefine stereo-types. Usually these women want to be seen as peers or equal to the males in this culture. With the lyrical skill in rap music, intellect in literature, and talent in art, Just to name a few, there is plenty of room for positive women in the hip hop culture. Feminism and Hip Hop A feminist movement in hip hop has already begun to take its course.Authors Joan Morgan, Secondly Bough and Cheryl Keyes take a look at hip hop from a feminist perspective. Being that they are women, they in a sense are themselves making their own contribution to the positive side of hip hop. Typically, any positive images of women in this culture automatically put them in the positions of being a wife/girlfriend, a mother, and then of course, theres the model. Coincidently this leaves plenty of room for their male counterparts, which is why these specific roles are probably delegated. After all, hip hop is usually perceived as a male dominated discourse.Author Mark Anthony Neal says, The embrace of patriarchal privilege by some male hip hop artist partly explains the normalization of women among hip- pop artist, particularly when those women dont conform to the normative roles (247). So as long as women in the hip hop culture continue to be bitched, hoes and babys mamas things go smoothly. Images of Hip Hop Women With Just as much lyrical skill as men in rap, women are expressing their sexuality openly and in their own language, yet distinguishing themselves from poisonous and insincere women, black women rappers challenge me to take women more seriously (Rose 296). Historically black women have always used different mediums to address issues. Poetry, art, song and dance helped women to express here ideals, and like the black women who went before them, [women in the hip hop culture] find themselves in a similar position of trying to navigate a space for themselves in a Black-male-dominated public discourse (Bough 75). But how much control do these women have over their own images? When women began to address this issue of female representation in the public sphere, the ground works for a feminist tradition began.In the past, the role of the black woman was to stand behind and support their men. Careful not to disrupt black male dominance of the black public sphere (75). So when women of hip hop began to speak out against hose negative representations they were met with resistance. They were lambasted by Black men and even some Black women for portraying negative images of Black manhood or showing black men in a negative light(Bough 76). Women in hip hop versus women in the past, are not content with Just being symbols after all, they helped to build hip hop and make it what it is today.As a result, the hip hop feminist Women participating in the hip hop feminist movement are making sure that they get their needs met by discussing issues that are important not only to themselves but to the black community (97). For example women are challenging the misogyny and sexism which seem to be the key influences in the hip hop culture in order to reshape their public image. With evidence that hip hop has become main steam in popular culture it is extremely important for black women to take control and try to reverse some of this damage.In a society dominated by white males, women in hip hop can no longer afford these negative representations. According to author Evelyn C. White, Chain Chain Change, The lyrics of many rap songs promote sexual aggression, women hatred and remorseless violence in the African American community. They stoke and fuel behavior we can ill afford in a racist society that already has a strong hold on our collective necks. Since slavery, black women have spoken out against the blatant disrespect from men. Ida B.Wells Barnett, womens rights activist, was not afraid to tell the truth as she saw it (54) when she said The miscegenation laws of the south only operate the legitimate union of the races; they leave the white man free to seduce all the colored girls he can (54). However, it is not the white man who dominates the hip hop culture. So why are women still seduced, degraded, and oversexed by black men in hip hop? Kevin Powell explains: Many of us men of color have held tightly to white patriarchal notions of manhood- that is the way to be man is to have power.Within hip-hop culture That power translates into material possessions, provocative and often foul language, flashes of violence, and blatant objectification of disrespect for women. Patriarchy, as manifested in hip hop, is where we can have our version of power within this very oppressive society (54). This explains the absence of positive representations of women in the culture. In order for positive representations to take place in hip hop, women have to speak out and ask hard questions. Why are women still in 2007 at the disposal of men?Female rappers have already begun this challenge, first by embracing these negative images and then by countering them with their own ideals. For example, male rappers may refer to women as bitched and hoes and in turn women may agree. However, women will try to use these words to empower themselves. A black girl.. . Will say yeah Im a pitch straight up Sit talking doesnt pips [these] women off Theyll answer all the sit we talk, with a buck you And thats it. They dont say, uniform sexist. They respond with their own rap ( Bough 105). It is still not enough to hang the ideals that have already been embedded into our society. Since women in that past have paved the way for feminism today, its vital that women challenge the norm. Black women in particular are usually not allowed a public voice, so with the rise of hip hop we see that they are no longer taking the back seat to men. Instead they are grabbing the wheel and saying we want to control our destiny. Joan Morgan argues, More than any other generation before us, we need a feminism committed to keeping it real (81).Positive women in hip hop do exist. Women in hip hop are more than Just gold digging video girls; they are one of the scene since its commercial years. .. The male was Just the first to be put on wax [record]. (Keyes 265). So as long as women take a chance by confronting hip hop, there is great opportunity for change. Ill. Methods Questionnaire To prove that positive women in hip hop do exist , I will use the questionnaire as my first method. My questionnaire will focus on images that people associate with hip hop. It will give me general idea of how societys opinions are shaped.My questions will target college students ages 18-35. Most of my questions will be closed ended, however my questionnaire will require some open ended questions, this will provide ore insight to ideologies and stereotypes that have institutionalized the hip hop culture. Participant Observation Next I will prove that there are positive women in hip hop by using participant observation. This method will require me to watch hip hop music videos, listen to various hip hop lyrics, watch hip hop movies, read hip hop literature, and attend video shoot auditions.I will also pay attention to all television and radio programs in general to see if there are influences of hip hop and if so how women in particular are portrayed. I will particularly focus on BET, MET, VHF and Fuse to watch music ideas and I will listen to radio stations that play mostly if not all hip hop and RB. After I watch videos and listen to the radio I will be able to decipher what images are popular, and if any of these images are women. If so, are they are represented positively. I will also participate in video shoots by auditioning.I will first audition as the stereotypical video vixen, who is often viewed as being a ho, pitch or chicken head. I will be sure to dress in tight revealing clothing. The next audition I will do the complete opposite. I will dress fully clothed, and carry myself in a classy manner. By ongoing this I will be able to see if positive images of women in hip hop are accepted in the beginning stages of hip hop videos. Focus Group Next I will use a focus group involving students and a professor at Clayton State University by the name of Dry. Sanhedrin L. Moss-Building. I will focus on the opinions of 50 people.First I will ask the participants to write down the first words that come to mind when they think of hip hop. Then I will ask that to ask them to write down the words they associate with hip hop. I assuming that words related to drugs or sex will prevail. I will then lay out a variety of images of women from various magazines including Essence, Ebony, Source, Vibe and XSL. These images will range from domestic, professional, and business women to women viewed as video hoes, eye candy and models. From these images my participants will be asked what images they associate with that of hip hop. After that I will have them watch 2 hip hop videos.The first video they watch will be Go by Common, a conscious rap artist. This video has a different approach from typical rap videos because instead of the women being a sexual object, the video glorifies the beauty of women. The second video they will watch will be l want love (edited) you by Snoop Dog and Akin. In the real title of this song the word buck replaces love. This video is over saturated with sex and women are definitely the props. After they watch the videos I will ask my participants if there are indeed positive images of women in hip hop, if so what do these images look like.Last I will take the information from the previous methods to formulate questions to ask people in the hip hop industry. I will begin by asking with the actual rap and hip lyricist (unsigned artist) who there inspirations. Then I will as the following questions: Do you refer to women as bitched and hoes in your lyrics? If yes, why o you refer to women as bitched and hoes in your lyrics? Do you feel that artist rap about reality, or are they unrealistic? Do you think artist will begin to refer to women using positive words ? Why? Or Why not? Next I will interview a friend who is an aspiring music video director and editor.I will ask him the following questions: What kind of women do you look for when shooting hip hop videos? Do you think that it will hurt your career if you were to use more images of positive women in your videos, or no women at all? Last I will interview women at hip hop video auditions. I will ask the following questions: Do you think that your image is positive or negative? Do you get paid for you work? What do you wear to a hip hop music video audition? Describe in detail what types of women get hired or make the cut to be in the music videos? V. Possible Outcomes My study could po ssibly prove that there are positive women in hip hop.It could prove that people are generally able to recognize positive women in hip hop despite the negative images that audiences are exposed to. Audiences will also be able to provide specific examples of positive women and tell what specific contributions these women have made. My study could also encourage society to identify the negative aspects of hip hop. Instead of a culture thats complacent, accepting all of the negative components with out question, my study will promote a society to become knowledgeable about how negative messages are formed and what the intentions of the messages are.Through questionnaires, participant observations, and focus groups my study might give some explanation as to why positive women in hip hop conform to the negatives of the culture with out compromising their positive influence. My study might be able to also indicate that the hip hop culture is not ready for change. My questionnaire might prove that as long as there is a market for sexism hip hop will cash in. Through participant observation I will be able to see how women in hip hop are deemed to be sexual objects in videos in the beginning stages.Upon interviewing the women and producers of hip hop videos I could discover that these people are very aware of the negative images they send to society. Through my focus group I might also be able to de termine if positive women in hip hop, regardless of their contributions, are recognized as negative women visually. With both of the outcomes being very possible, my study should be indicative of he ideologies, stereotypes, and institutions that build our society and it should culture can affect an entire society ideals. Works Cited Cole, Jennet Bets. , and Beverly Guy-Spectral.